A Koli man makes his way to a Ganapati shrine, walking over a causeway that is accessible only during low tide. During high tide, the shrine goes underwater, and its location is marked only by the flags sticking out from the surface.
Fishing boats must be registered with the relevant maritime authorities, such as the Maharashtra Maritime Board (MMB) or the Mercantile Marine Department (MMD). Additionally, boat owners and operators may need to obtain licenses or permits to operate their vessels legally. These licenses may include fishing permits, vessel registration certificates, and crew licenses.
Along with the target fish, the nets also end up with bycatch. Jellyfish are a common bycatch and are removed from the nets immediately because they have a poisonous sting.
On the open sea, fishermen are guided by LED lights placed on buoys that indicate the presence of a net. The lights also serve to designate areas where nets have already been deployed so that others do not place nets in the vicinity.
In the open sea, Kolis deploy surrounding nets (used to encircle a school of fish near the water surface) and drift nets (usually set at or near the water surface and held in place by floats along the top edge and weights along the bottom edge).
Net repair is done entirely manually, using simple tools like tasari and kathli. Tasari is a mending needle made of plastic, usually six inches long, around which the twine is wrapped. Kathli is a small knife used to cut the twine.
After waiting a few hours, depending on the weather and other factors, the nets are hauled, and boats return by noon. Larger trawlers, which have bigger nets, remain at sea for several days and leave their nets in the sea overnight.
Koli fishermen have been struggling with depleting fish populations caused by environmental degradation and overfishing. To find more fish, they venture further out at sea, where rare species like tiger sharks, whale sharks, sea turtles, stingrays, and sawfish accidentally become bycatch.
Once offloaded, the fish are preserved in ice and transported to wholesale markets. In Mumbai, there are several wholesale fish markets, including the Sassoon Dock Fish Market and Crawford Market, where the catch is further sorted, graded, and auctioned off to wholesalers, retailers, and fishmongers.
Upon returning, the nets are hauled to shore. Smaller fish are removed easily. However, larger fish tend to struggle and need to be disentangled carefully to prevent damage to the nets.